Transfer Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transfer Pricing - Essay Example It is usually applied when bodies are separate entities and are individually responsible for their profitability and divisions are accountable for their own profits (Jensen and Meckling, 1976, 315). Since transfer pricing is an agreement between two divisions of same group there is greater chance of conflict of interest as both buying and selling side try to transfer to counter party resulting increased benefit to its division (Chan, Landry, and Jalbert , 2004, 39). This report will also analyze a case between Millwall Company and Reading Company as both these companies are interested in buying and selling with each other and both of these companies belong to the same group of companies. EFEFCTOF EACH PROPOSED PRICE ON MANAGEMENT OF READING The transfer price mechanism is the source of revenue for selling division which in this case is Reading Company and cost for buying division which in mentioned case is Millwall Company. Former aims to get it maximum revenue from deal and latter t ries to get supply at minimum cost. The best option can, therefore, be negotiated at point where both firms are given autonomy as finally they will be held responsible for the profitability of the respective divisions (Grubert and Joel Slemrod , 1998, 368). Considering the fact that Reading Company is already performing under capacity, therefore, it can serve Millwall Company without reducing its supply to other external suppliers and so no opportunity cost would be involved in this scenario. With these assumptions, standard variable cost and opportunity cost would be the total cost that it has to incur. Since opportunity cost is nil in this case then standard variable cost constitutes main component of cost and any point above this would be the profit. Using its spare capacity, selling at any price over and above the average variable price would increase the profit for Reading Company by same amount. For instance, Profit for Reading company = (selling price – average variabl e price) * quantity In the given case price demanded by Reading Company is inclusive of fixed cost as well and only selling and distribution cost is foregone. It is in due alignment with the need of Reading Company as it has to keep profitability improved with its operation under capacity. Offer from Millwall Company is true on its part as it is well calculated from buyer’s current condition of operating under capacity and it would like to pay minimum or at least less than what it would pay to an external supplier to improve its profitability. But management of Reading Company would surely not like this scenario as it would not benefit the profitability of the company as selling the same product to an external buyer give the company revenue of $ 13per unit. Supplying on the price given by Millwall Company would only then improve the profitability of Millwall Company and this can raise an intra-company conflict of interest and reduction in its revenue will reduce its profit. T he best Reading Company is ready to forego its profit by $1.20, which is the market selling price less price offered to Millwall Company. For the price offered by management is less than the one asked by Reading company. This price has already covered the cost and the margin that is suggested to be foregone and it is higher than the Reading’s acceptable price. This price is also not considered suitable for overall profitability of group as it would yield a profit of $ 3 per unit (price: $13 – cost $10) if sold to outsider and this management’s suggested price would reduce the profit of overall group by $2.88 (13- 10.12) and loss in profit is $1.68 (11.80- 10.12) above than profit Reading company is ready to forego. In point of ROI comparison Reading company would finally be held for less profitability overall.

Management of risk falls among the elderly Essay

Management of risk falls among the elderly - Essay Example The need to address the issue of falls among the elderly is therefore an important consideration. This paper shall discuss the management of risk falls among the elderly, specifically carrying out a critical analysis of the main theoretical and clinical concepts/principles and relevance to clinical care. Following a balanced and evidenced critique, this paper will develop recommendations for clinical practice and/or educational development of nursing practitioners in relation to the topic. Search strategy An initial internet search was carried out via Google Scholar using the following search words and specific combinations: falls elderly; fall risk elderly; management falls elderly; impact falls elderly. Literature dated from 2001 onwards was further evaluated for inclusion into this study. A search of the following databases was also carried out: Cochrane, Medline, and PubMed using the same search words specified above. The inclusion criteria covered elderly patients 65 years and a bove, with or without history of falls, with or without history of mental health illness including dementia, with or without history of osteoarthritis or other diseases affecting mobility, gait, or balance, with or without history of stroke rendering paralysis, and those undertaking any form or medication which may cause dizziness or disorientation. The following inclusion criteria are possible contributory elements to falls among the elderly and any of these elements present may also pose equal risk to the elderly patient. The credibility of the authors, including publication, and peer-review of the chosen literature was evaluated. Chosen studies were then specifically assessed in terms of relevance. Contextual information Falls as incidents caused by the aging process are often associated with diseases like Parkinson’s disease, musculoskeletal issues, cognitive degradation, and impairment of sensory systems (Carter, et.al., 2002). Incidents of falls often increase as people get older and as the elderly continue to advance in age. It is also one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly (Rubenstein and Josephson, 2006). Morbidity from falls includes major injuries and fractures, limited mobility, as well as functional health decline and permanent disability (Wolf, et.al., 2003). A common effect of falls is hip fracture and some of these falls often lead to fractures, especially among the older adults (Moreland, et.al., 2004). These falls are considered preventable and much interest has been directed to these methods of prevention, especially in relation to the risk factors which exacerbate these risks (Barnett, et.al., 2003). Various studies have been carried out evaluating these fall risks and preventive measures for these falls. Most of these studies indicate that the risk for falls increase with the advancing age of individuals, with higher risks seen among those in the over 60 age range (Li, et.al., 2005). Studies also reveal that fall risks are often associated with different factors including history of past falls, cognitive impairment, impairment in the performance of activities of daily living, weakness of muscles or bones in the lower extremities due to disability, impaired gait or balance, dizziness, arthritis, history of stroke, poor eyesight, low body mass index, use of psychotropic medications causing dizziness or disorientation (American Geriatrics Society, et.al., 2001). A

Urban planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban planning - Essay Example There is a group that argues that transportation is to serve land uses in order to support economic activity, on the other hand there is a group claiming that whatever capacity is given to the public, is filled up soon. In the end there is no gain because the same level of congestion manifests again. This problem can be better understood by focusing on the use demand that Pacific we target it elasticity. Historically speaking demand forecasts for urban transportation planning have been largely based on exogenous variables (Federal Highway Administration A-1). These variables included population, employment, income and land use (Federal Highway Administration A-1). Once these variables are states results the case specific point estimating traffic volume in the future. In this case demand is influenced by neither the money price nor the transportation infrastructure. Exogenous variables are the sole driving force here. There is also a concept that disagrees with the notion. It claims that additional capacity stimulates the increase in demand. This notion relies on the premise that as soon as a highway is built people will come for it. This notion is based on latent demand suggesting that the willing buyers will show their demand for traveling as soon as there is an opportunity. San Francisco Bay area is prospering from economic growth and is likely to show signs of population growth (Pallagst 1). The growth in population demands growth in facilities. Growth management have attracted a lot of critique and praise since it appeared as a distinct concept of planning in 1960s (Pallagst 1). The roots of this concept can be traced back to the environmental movement. It is strange to note that many growth management plans do not align with other growth promoting planning developments in the United States (Pallagst 2). By the increase urban sprawl growth management researchers have gotten real busy (Pallagst 2). To

Developmental psychology Essay Example for Free

Developmental psychology Essay Up until a week ago I thought that the states ideas of â€Å"kindergarten readiness† were just political lip service, but last week my opinion changed. I was in the car listening to an interview on NPR (sadly I do not remember the woman’s name) about a new program called Washington Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills, or WaKIDS. This year is the pilot season for this program. The interview was also on the up and coming mandate the child care workers, and preschool teacher have a Bachelor’s degree. This mandate will go into effect in 2013 in Washington State. The mission statement for WaKIDS is â€Å"The Washington Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills (WaKIDS) is a kindergarten process that: * Welcomes families into the Washington K-12 system as partners in their child’s education. * Gives kindergarten teachers information about the development of children in their classroom to help them teach every child—data about social/emotional, cognitive, language/literacy and physical development. * Align practices of early learning professionals and kindergarten teachers to support smooth transitions for children. * Offers a statewide snapshot of where children in Washington are in their development at the start of kindergarten, to help inform state-level decisions about policy and investments This program is designed to provide a smooth transition from pre-school to kindergarten and maintain positive development in each child. WaKIDS focuses on four main areas in child development they are physical, social/emotional, cognitive and language. The program aims to maintain a collaberation between child care provides, preschool, early education and policy makers in an effort to provide the best arena for children to develop. These collaborations are in person meetings when a child is transitioning from one â€Å"grade† to another. For example, preschool teachers will meet with kindergarten teacher and discuss each child progress or â€Å"standing† and needs. This aids the next teacher in keeping a positive flow to a child’s education, and it allows for the child to be more personally invested in their own success if they know that they teachers is also invested on a personal level. In the NPR interview the woman who was speaking; she owns a daycare facility,  said that she only hires people who have at least a Bachelor’s degree. This is also going to be state mandated by 2013 that every kindergarten teacher have at least a BA, and that there is a 1 to 2 or 1 to 3 ratio of BA holding workers in day cares. The interviewee talked about how she would prefer to hire only those who have college degrees, because they are â€Å"professionally† trained in child development area. I think this is an admirable desire, but it does narrow the employee field because not everyone who is committed to making children’s live better can afford to go to college. This provides material for a great debate, but for me, what it really does is take away from the development of children. Children thrive because they can use their ability to assimilate their surroundings, and the experiences there in. If only people who have college degrees are working with kids imagine how that lessens a child’s experience of life’s diversity. In conclusion, I fully support the desires by the Superintendent’s office to enrich the education standards of this state and heighten the educational level of our children; I am very leery about all the politics that accompany a program such as WaKIDS. I do believe that it is a step in the right direction, and if we as people who work toward the betterment of children will take the risk; we ought to look even further toward education. For example: the Friends school, or Montessori school, or even parochial school. Look at what works. Look into why they provide better education than public schools. And with the guide and more programs like WaKIDS I believe that we will achieve the goal of educating well and enriching our children.

Online Gaming Essay -- Video Games Computer

Introduction "The video gaming industry generates revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to various estimates), with development costs, revenue and use/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the movie industry."--John Kirriemuir, Ceangal Why should businesses care about gaming? After all, how much are people willing to spend on entertainment? Surprisingly, quite a lot. The video gaming industry generates revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to various estimates), with development costs, revenue and use/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the movie industry. With the arrival of the next-generation online consoles from Sony, Nintendo, and Microsft, the industry expects to surpass $30 billion by 2009(RocSearch Ltd). Both arguments show that the video game industry as a contender in the media markets. As such, business leaders expecting to make their mark in the media industries must acquire an understanding of video games on a global level. Doing so will require a look at the three major video game markets: Asia, North America, and Europe. The purpose of this site is to ask the major global questions: Does online gaming change from region to region? Who are the online gamers in these markets? How do the different markets respond to online gaming? What are the positive and negative aspects of online gaming? And finally, what is the future of online gaming? Follow the links on the left for the answers. The Pros & Cons of Online Gaming "But as far as videogames are concerned, I think we've got very strong support in general. There are a lot of software companies and nobody's been able to get all the programmers to devote themselves... ... * Kelly, R.V.(2004). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games : the people, the addiction and the playing experience.NJ: McFarland & Co. * Drotner, Kirsten (2001). Medier for Fremtiden. Copenhagen: HÃ ¸st og SÃ ¸n. Websites Consulted: * DW Staff. . 2002. * Glenn, Elias. 2004. * ESA. 2005. * RocSearch. 2005. * Berkowitz, Ben. 2004. * Terdiman, Daniel. 2005. * Play Online. 2004. * Game Research. 2002.

The Fantasy of Womens Sports in Primetime TV Slots :: Womens Issues Essays

The Fantasy of Women's Sports in Primetime TV Slots Gail, a dark, tiny, female reporter, is given the assignment of investigating Babe, one of the most talented female athletes of the twentieth century. Suggestions have sprung up that Babe was not a woman at all. These suggestions have come from beer corporations and radical right-wing opponents of a new growing opinion that men and women's sports should equally share primetime TV slots. Gail had never heard of Babe. Gail writes movie reviews and articles in the Arts section. Gail is a chain smoker. She used to cut gym everyday to smoke under the bleachers with her friends. She hasn't owned a pair of sneakers since the third grade. In high school she used to think there were three kinds of kids: the nerds, the jocks, and the freaks. She was some combination of the first and last group. She still held that opinion and liked to sneer at joggers in the park. She was, thus, unhappy about this assignment. Gail visits her parents who live in the suburbs. They are bohemian types. They eat a lot of gorp, have matching pottery wheels in a shed in the back yard, and would have never owned a television, but Gail begged them to get one in her freshman year of high school. When she graduated, it was the first thing that was unplugged and packed into the car, ready for her dorm room. She asks them if they ever heard of Babe. They say they vaguely remember a golf player named Babe. But they sneer. Golf is for the bourgeoisie, they say. Gail goes up to her old room. When she was in elementary school all of her friends had horseback riding ribbons and trophies. She looks at her room now, imagines the walls covered in tiny ribbons, and they dissolve into a Picasso poster and the graffiti she used to write when she hadn't fallen asleep yet. She goes over to one section of the wall, runs her finger over a phrase: JOCKS ARE DUMB. Gail goes back down stairs and asks her father why she never wanted to play sports. "Well, honey," he says, "You're small. And artistic. You're not an athlete." And she thinks to herself, I didn't know what the word athletic meant until I was in the third grade. And then I threw out my tennis shoes.

Science Fiction

Introduction This is a speech about science fiction. Today I will be talking about two science fiction texts, Avatar and Transformers. I will also be talking about the science fiction genre and what it is. Science Fiction Science fiction is made up of real life science technology, mixed with the world of fiction and make believe. By doing this I feel it brings more excitement to the novel or movie, making it easier to read, or watch, and relate to.We all love the world of make believe, as this allows us to believe we can be or do anything we wish even though we know it is not physically possible in the real world, this making for a more thrilling and exciting story, as opposed to when we have a science documentary which, yes, are very factual and interesting but have no thrilling highs and lows. I believe in some cases of science fiction novels or movies the author truly feels that the technology they have written about and could really end up actually happening in the near or later future.My first example of science fiction is one of my favourites, Transformers This story starts when a young teenager named Sam purchases a car that turns out to be an Autobot called Bumblebee, which he regards as evil at first. When Bumblebee (in car mode) returns the following day, Sam flees, believing the car is stalking him. Then the war begins between the Autobots and the Decepticons, as they battle for the Universe. The movie was set in the near future. The characters weakness is that he is fighting robots.In the end the humans win as they have a good team of robots on their side (the Autobots). The Decepticons lose the fight due to a bit of luck on the Autobots side and humans’ quick reflex action to his instincts. My second science fiction favourite is Avatar This story begins where scientists use Military-human hybrid bodies called Avatars that are operated via mental link by genetically matched humans. Jake Sully, paraplegic former  Marine, replaces his twin br other, a scientist trained as an avatar operator who was murdered in a robbery. Dr.Grace Augustine, head of the Avatar Program, considers Sully an inadequate replacement and assigns him as a bodyguard. The film was set in the near future. Neytiri is the daughter of the Omaticaya leader, the Na'vi clan, who is attracted to Jake because of his bravery while being frustrated with him for what she sees as his ignorance and stupidity. The characters weaknesses are that they are fighting huge machines. The Military lost because they relied on mere brute force and advanced technology, rather than actual intelligence and planning.This helped the Na’vi clan win as they had the familiarity of their own land to their advantage and had real intelligence and organisation in order to win Conclusion I feel in my first choice of Transformers that it has a lot to do with the past technology of machinery and how far this technology has come in the present and how much it will change again in t he near future. It also gives us an insight on what may or may not happen between the robots (machinery) and the human race. I loved the excitement of this movie, it is truly action packed but I also feel it is way more fiction than reality of science.Where a young human boy could defeat such futuristic machines (I don’t think so) but very exciting stuff! My second choice I feel is more realistic to how science and technology will advance in the future. It is not unrealistic to think there are other species than humans in our universe, or other beautiful planets like earth in our solar system. To think that we could replicate these other forms of life is not so fictitious either as our scientists are already delving in cloning humans.So who knows how much more advanced that will be in the future? It is also felt already that other species in our Universe are more advanced in technology than us, so this is not so hard to believe. I truly hope there are other life forms in our universe and that in the future we do meet them and hopefully we can live together and progress together unlike some of the movie Avatar where it creates war, which is not so unfamiliar or fictional in our world today either. Thank you for your time; hope you have enjoyed my view on science fiction. Science Fiction Introduction This is a speech about science fiction. Today I will be talking about two science fiction texts, Avatar and Transformers. I will also be talking about the science fiction genre and what it is. Science Fiction Science fiction is made up of real life science technology, mixed with the world of fiction and make believe. By doing this I feel it brings more excitement to the novel or movie, making it easier to read, or watch, and relate to.We all love the world of make believe, as this allows us to believe we can be or do anything we wish even though we know it is not physically possible in the real world, this making for a more thrilling and exciting story, as opposed to when we have a science documentary which, yes, are very factual and interesting but have no thrilling highs and lows. I believe in some cases of science fiction novels or movies the author truly feels that the technology they have written about and could really end up actually happening in the near or later future.My first example of science fiction is one of my favourites, Transformers This story starts when a young teenager named Sam purchases a car that turns out to be an Autobot called Bumblebee, which he regards as evil at first. When Bumblebee (in car mode) returns the following day, Sam flees, believing the car is stalking him. Then the war begins between the Autobots and the Decepticons, as they battle for the Universe. The movie was set in the near future. The characters weakness is that he is fighting robots.In the end the humans win as they have a good team of robots on their side (the Autobots). The Decepticons lose the fight due to a bit of luck on the Autobots side and humans’ quick reflex action to his instincts. My second science fiction favourite is Avatar This story begins where scientists use Military-human hybrid bodies called Avatars that are operated via mental link by genetically matched humans. Jake Sully, paraplegic former  Marine, replaces his twin br other, a scientist trained as an avatar operator who was murdered in a robbery. Dr.Grace Augustine, head of the Avatar Program, considers Sully an inadequate replacement and assigns him as a bodyguard. The film was set in the near future. Neytiri is the daughter of the Omaticaya leader, the Na'vi clan, who is attracted to Jake because of his bravery while being frustrated with him for what she sees as his ignorance and stupidity. The characters weaknesses are that they are fighting huge machines. The Military lost because they relied on mere brute force and advanced technology, rather than actual intelligence and planning.This helped the Na’vi clan win as they had the familiarity of their own land to their advantage and had real intelligence and organisation in order to win Conclusion I feel in my first choice of Transformers that it has a lot to do with the past technology of machinery and how far this technology has come in the present and how much it will change again in t he near future. It also gives us an insight on what may or may not happen between the robots (machinery) and the human race. I loved the excitement of this movie, it is truly action packed but I also feel it is way more fiction than reality of science.Where a young human boy could defeat such futuristic machines (I don’t think so) but very exciting stuff! My second choice I feel is more realistic to how science and technology will advance in the future. It is not unrealistic to think there are other species than humans in our universe, or other beautiful planets like earth in our solar system. To think that we could replicate these other forms of life is not so fictitious either as our scientists are already delving in cloning humans.So who knows how much more advanced that will be in the future? It is also felt already that other species in our Universe are more advanced in technology than us, so this is not so hard to believe. I truly hope there are other life forms in our universe and that in the future we do meet them and hopefully we can live together and progress together unlike some of the movie Avatar where it creates war, which is not so unfamiliar or fictional in our world today either. Thank you for your time; hope you have enjoyed my view on science fiction.